It attempts to explain how and why we think the way we do by studying the interactions among human thinking, emotion, creativity, language, and problem solving, in addition to other cognitive processes. Carla is a first-semester freshman at State University. Once you know how to drive, you can encode additional information about this skill automatically. A person's knowledge about the world is known as _____ memory. D. People tend to report falsely, after the fact, that they accurately predicted an outcome. a. one A. A. are vague and/or ill defined When thoughts are formed, the mind synthesizes information from emotions and memories (Figure 7.2). Scientists who study cognition are searching for ways to understand how we integrate, organize, and utilize our conscious cognitive experiences without being aware of all of the unconscious work that our brains are doing (for example, Kahneman, 2011). C. information-processing capacity. We get information into our brains through a process called encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. and you must attribute OpenStax. B. top-down reasoning. B. are slow. semantic. Once the concept of area of a square is understood, an understanding of area for other geometric shapes can be built upon the original understanding of area. 10. c. trial and error method Question 64: Reinforcement learning algorithm tries to (select one that . Lang JM, Ford JD, Fitzgerald MM. Visual encoding is the encoding of images, and acoustic encoding is the encoding of sounds, words in particular. We recommend using a involves being receptive to other ways of looking at things. OLE CA Computer Science & Applications 12965. B. b. divergent thinking. There are three ways you can retrieve information out of your long-term memory storage system: recall, recognition, and relearning. c. a picture-like image. "think outside the box" in order to succeed in college. c. convergent thinking. Which of the following is true about overlapping subproblems? b. syntax. Explain this result, given that the density of steel is much greater than that of water. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo (a) Generate a correlation matrix for your predictors. B. In psychology, algorithms are frequently contrasted with heuristics. As such, he does not get involved in B. problem solving. Once the information reaches long-term memory, it has to be consolidated at both the synaptic level, which takes a few hours, and into the memory system, which can take weeks or longer. In this case, Dan's experience demonstrates. C. refers to the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure. The useful character of language and the ability of language to communicate even more meaning than is said are known as, According to Benjamin Whorf, language determines our, Critics of the work of Benjamin Whorf maintain that. answer choices converting visual information into something meaningful converting sound into vibrations bringing information housed in long-term memory to mind holding information just long enough to work with it Question 2 30 seconds Q. In psychology, for example, Piagets stages of development are abstract concepts. Psychotherapy (Chic). D. all scores are below average. For example, what was your professor wearing the last class period? d. semantics. d. processing speed. c. Analytical intelligence One cannot really consider long-term memory without thinking about the way it is organized. While often thought of purely as a mathematical term, the same type of process can be followed in psychology to find the correct answer when solving a problem or making a decision. A. algorithm. A six-year-old child with a mental age of 6 would have an IQ of B. representativeness heuristic. b. Familial retardation Mathematical formulas, like the equation for area (length width) are artificial concepts defined by specific sets of characteristics that are always the same. In one particular case, he was asked to identify the number of morphemes in the word "rescuer." b. It is generally accepted that memories are organized in semantic (or associative) networks (Collins & Loftus, 1975). rethinking and redefining problems and solutions over time. b. use symbols; think choose the best data from the set. b. language acquisition device. Because it is a schema, it is extremely challenging for us to stop reaching for the phone, even though we know that we endanger our own lives and the lives of others while we do it (Neyfakh, 2013) (Figure 7.5). 8.1 How Memory Functions - Psychology 2e | OpenStax For example, an emergency room doctor making a decision about how to treat a patient could use an algorithm approach. c. concepts; language Storage is the retention of the encoded information. They are also known as mechanical solutions. d. books and bookshelves. a. or numbers for which there is no identifiable pattern or sequence. Your "aha!" A(n) _____ is a strategy that guarantees a solution to a problem. A(n) _____ is an aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need. is the memory process that occurs when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage. In order to prepare herself, she enrolls in a Spanish course at the local community center. Except where otherwise noted, textbooks on this site Really quickly, what is the first word that comes to mind when you hear peanut butter? This test can be considered: The type of short-term memory (or computer file) depends on the type of information received. They take a step-by-step approach to performing a task. which of the following is true about algorithms quizlet psychology A. As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. He looked all through the glove compartment for a flashlight so that he could get a better look under his seat. This is an example of: People who believe that aliens have come to earth may disregard evidence that crop circles are human-made. The monkeys were more attached to the artificial mothers that were warm and soft. Post author: Post published: 22/06/2022 Post category: luxury picnic houston Post comments: jacob lowe weight loss pictures jacob lowe weight loss pictures c. Fetal alcohol syndrome e. $23,000. Retrieval, or getting the information out of memory and back into awareness, is the third function. When solving a problem, if a person is hesitant or unable to think beyond solutions that have worked in the past, he or she is stuck in: The highest and most elusive of Maslow's needs is. B. Algorithms/artificial intelligence (AI) b. phoneme In either case, you usually cannot put the memory into words that adequately describe the task. A person's schema for a library would most likely include: C. functional fixedness. If we view something as valuable, the information will move into our short-term memory system. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Psychology is considered a science and comes from a foundation of chemistry because of its focus on research. Mistakes may occur, but this approach allows for speedy decisions when time is of the essence. Psychologists would most likely consider Malcom to be Social Sciences. d. males. D. 100. Our ability to retrieve information from long-term memory is vital to our everyday functioning. Other concepts, like the characteristics of your ideal friend or your familys birthday traditions, are personal and individualized. Compare Points of View Should democracies take action to help prevent dictatorships? B. naturalist d. communicate with one another; represent their own mental activity, Communicate with one another; represent their own mental activity. C. are ill defined or vague. Now, unscramble the following letters to make a word. lack of nurture, abusive parents, and bad memory. Plate was primed by activating the semantic network. b. consciousness and intuition. C. People disregard prior experiences or failures when making predictions about the possibility of an outcome. A. Heuristics take more time than algorithms. D. precision, ________ is a characteristic of good problem solvers. If an outcome measure is normally distributed, this means that Usually, episodic memory is reported as a story. For instance, some people really enjoy picnics. The haystack was important because the cloth ripped. An Algorithm simply refers to the process or the set of rules which are vital in calculations. c. mental sets. Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology. "think outside the box" in order to succeed in college. Most likely none of us could even come close to answering these questions; however, American actress Marilu Henner, best known for the television show Taxi, can remember. Which of the following is TRUE of algorithms? d. be reliable. 70 or below Read the following sentences (Bransford & McCarrell, 1974), then look away and count backwards from 30 by threes to zero, and then try to write down the sentences (no peeking back at this page!). A. rethink and redefine his problem. That song's effect could be an implicit emotional memory (Yang, Xu, Du, Shi, & Fang, 2011). B. accuracy Practice Quiz - Oxford University Press Which of the three types of encoding do you think would give you the best memory of verbal information? There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. D. subgoal. Watch this video about superior autobiographical memory from the television news show 60 Minutes to learn more. Upon waking each morning, you begin thinkingcontemplating the tasks that you must complete that day. Although individual experiences and expertise can affect concept arrangement, concepts are believed to be arranged hierarchically in the mind (Anderson & Reder, 1999; Johnson & Mervis, 1997, 1998; Palmer, Jones, Hennessy, Unze, & Pick, 1989; Rosch, Mervis, Gray, Johnson, & Boyes-Braem, 1976; Tanaka & Taylor, 1991). 20. d. Prototypes. B. divergent thinking. D. the child's IQ is above average. c. Fluid intelligence and you must attribute OpenStax. Recognition happens when you identify information that you have previously learned after encountering it again. b. studies showing that animals make instinctual sounds only. A. risk avoidance Semantic memory is knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts. Which of the following is a true statement regarding algorithms? Algorithms break complex tasks into steps that can be followed. B. Suddenly Monique gets the idea to empty her shredder and use the shredded junk mail confetti for packing material. Our brains take the encoded information and place it in storage. What are the most effective ways to ensure that important memories are well encoded? In the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, stimuli from the environment are processed first in sensory memory: storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes. If an instructor was referring to a stream during a lecture, a student's mental image is likely to be: 1. Then suddenly, "Aha!" A. An algorithm is a defined set of step-by-step procedures that provides the correct answer to a particular problem. Their model of human memory (Figure 8.4), called Atkinson and Shiffrin's model, is based on the belief that we process memories in the same way that a computer processes information. B. Heritability has no meaning when applied to a single case. Should you go to the bank, the cleaners, or the grocery store first? which of the following is true about algorithms quizlet psychology Choosing which apartment is best is an example of Claudia is trying to cook her mother's famous lasagna. A more creative method of problem-solving is the use of: d. Down syndrome. Although implicit memories are learned outside of our awareness and cannot be consciously recalled, implicit memory is demonstrated in the performance of some task (Roediger, 1990; Schacter, 1987). Fragile X syndrome b. actual tasks involving visual perception. c. best measured by the Stanford-Binet IQ test. Some years ago, psychologists Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving (1975) conducted a series of experiments to find out. An algorithm is a finite sequence of precise instructions for performing a computation or solving a problem. As long as the professor was dressed appropriately, it does not really matter what she was wearing. c. mental set. C. 75. If you did, you probably have associated peanut butter and jelly in your mind. Children understand adult literary work usually between ages 6 and 8. Could semantic encoding be beneficial to you as you attempt to memorize the concepts in this chapter? Generally, recall is somewhat better for random numbers than for random letters (Jacobs, 1887) and also often slightly better for information we hear (acoustic encoding) rather than information we see (visual encoding) (Anderson, 1969). Then, you step into the elevator and turn around to face the doors, looking for the correct button to push. Which of the following is true of algorithms? D. subgoal. Various properties of geometric shapes, like squares and triangles, serve as useful examples of artificial concepts. Marilu Henners super autobiographical memory is known as hyperthymesia. Recalling the names of the members of a famous football team is an example of. By the end of this section, you will be able to: Imagine all of your thoughts as if they were physical entities, swirling rapidly inside your mind. However, Keppel and Underwood (1962) examined only the first trials of the trigram task and found that proactive interference also affected short-term memory retention. which of the following is true about algorithms quizlet psychology consent of Rice University. C. the child's IQ is deteriorating. If there is a smell that makes you feel positive and nostalgic, and you don't know where that response comes from, it is an implicit emotional response. For example, imagine you meet someone who introduces himself as a firefighter. Q. A. intrapersonal C. It involves drawing conclusions based on facts. D. used a heuristic to solve her packing problem. c. divergent thinking. Short-term memory (STM) is a temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory. What could have affected Genie's mentally? According to Baddeley and Hitch, a central executive part of memory supervises or controls the flow of information to and from the three short-term systems, and the central executive is responsible for moving information into long-term memory. According to Gardner's multiple intelligences, which of the following types of vocations would most likely require bodily kinesthetic intelligence? C. move back home with her parents and commute to college. It was first demonstrated by William Bousfield (1935) in an experiment in which he asked people to memorize words. Which of the following statements is true of subgoals? These mental shortcuts are typically informed by our past experiences and allow us to act quickly. involves developing uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test, as well as creating norms, or performance standards, for the test. This type of reasoning is known as. Gardner would say that an astronaut is high in: d. 100, ________, which is caused by a defect in a male gene that leads to deficiency in a protein needed for brain development, is a biological cause of intellectual disability. _____ are mental categories used to group objects, events, and characteristics. D. categorical thinking. The body's tendency to maintain an equilibrium, or steady state, is known as, Motivation for sexual behavior is centered in the. Youve watched it fall from the sky, youve seen lightly falling snow that barely covers the windshield of your car, and youve shoveled out 18 inches of fluffy white snow as youve thought, This is perfect for skiing. Youve thrown snowballs at your best friend and gone sledding down the steepest hill in town. 120. The higher one's degree of practical intelligence: When this happens, your brain automatically activates the firefighter schema and begins making assumptions that this person is brave, selfless, and community-oriented. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . a. refers to the sense that one is in control of one's own life. d. Identify Tasks that Can Create an Algorithm, Identify the Likely Use for a Program Algorithm. We rely on the most current and reputable sources, which are cited in the text and listed at the bottom of each article. Concepts are, in many ways, big ideas that are generated by observing details, and categorizing and combining these details into cognitive structures. d. IQ. Content is fact checked after it has been edited and before publication. It is illustrated when psychologists and other scientists use theories to make predictions and then evaluate their predictions by making further observations. Wechsler's four index scales are verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and: a. quantitative processing. C. 90. Descriptions: Algorithms can be written to solve every problem. a. an algorithmic solution Algorithms Flashcards | Quizlet An algorithm is a step-by-step method to solve a problem When an algorithm is part of a computer program, the process included in the algorithm is automated When an algorithm is used in a computer program, it allows the computer to perform a repetitive task Hillary meets her brother's friend Drake, who is a tall, lanky man. Kanzi, the chimpanzee, communicates with researchers by using: b. If Derrick answered correctly, he was able to identify _____ morpheme(s). However, heuristics are really more of a rule-of-thumb; they don't always guarantee a correct solution. 110-120. a. morphemes. According to the social brain hypothesis, each of us can deal effectively with social interactions with roughly 150 people. B. the child's IQ is lower than average. Processing speed Gardner believes that reason, logic, and knowledge are: a. the same ability. c. algorithmic. Unless the knowledge in short term memory is retained by repetition or other such techniques, it has a very small capacity (7 items +/- 2) and a short period (max 30 seconds). b. language; social relationships b. concepts are universal and influence the development of language. Semantic means having to do with language and knowledge about language. An algorithm is a defined set of step-by-step procedures that provides the correct answer to a particular problem. Which of the following is true of short-term memory? _________ includes the ability to be self-motivated, to feel what others feel, and to be socially skilled. c. logical/mathematical intelligence. A prompt, such as that the restaurant was named after its owner, might help you recall the name of the restaurant. There are memories in visual-spatial form, as well as memories of spoken or written material, and they are stored in three short-term systems: a visuospatial sketchpad, an episodic buffer (Baddeley, 2000), and a phonological loop. b. scientific characteristics do Atkinson and Shiffrin's model is not the only model of memory. The process of myelination begins prenatally. Intellectual disability (formerly called mental retardation) is a condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has an IQ of ________ and has difficulty adapting to everyday life. nondeclarative (implicit) memory. a. the debate of sign language versus spoken language. d. mathematical. Dan, who often travels in airplanes, experiences sudden fear of flying after he hears the news about an airplane crash. Thus, algorithmic problem solving actually comes in two phases: derivation of an algorithm that solves the problem, and conversion of the algorithm into code. D. come in different forms. d. males. b. confirmation bias. This is known as effortful processing (Figure 8.3). Cross-sectional studies assess people at one point in time, whereas longitudinal studies assess people over a long period of time. For most people, the capacity will probably be close to 7 plus or minus 2. A. Either way, snow is a natural concept because you can construct an understanding of it through direct observations, experiences with snow, or indirect knowledge (such as from films or books) (Figure 7.3). Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become thoughts. answer choices Confabulation Source amnesia Flashbulb memories Confusion Question 3 30 seconds Q. You would probably have an easier time recalling the words car, dog, and book, and a more difficult time recalling the words level, truth, and value. Despite not knowing this person, already you have unknowingly made judgments about them. Juli 2022 . Which of the following represents the correct chronological sequence of Piaget's stages of cognitive development? c. make sounds; dream more vividly Why do people use heuristics quizlet? Interestingly, event schemata can vary widely among different cultures and countries. D. Children understand metaphor and satire usually between ages 11 and 14. Chapter 7 Flashcards | Quizlet D. Unlike heuristics, algorithms lead to different answers to a given problem. Through the use of fMRI, researchers have found an overlap between brain areas activated during visual mental imagery tasks as compared to: which of the following is true about algorithms quizlet psychologyduskull evolution arceus c. language could help a child learn to control social behavior. b. the less successful that person will be in life. Margaret will have difficulty with emotional memories. Note the longest string at which you got the series correct. Trial and error is another term for: Craik and Tulving concluded that we process verbal information best through semantic encoding, especially if we apply what is called the self-reference effect. a) Algorithms can be used to solve any problem; the only limitation is our human ability to discover new algorithms, or the speed at which our computers can execute them. 9+ which of the following is not true about algorithms most standard Short-term memory takes information from sensory memory and sometimes connects that memory to something already in long-term memory. Implicit memory has been studied with cognitive demand tasks, such as performance on artificial grammars (Reber, 1976), word memory (Jacoby, 1983; Jacoby & Witherspoon, 1982), and learning unspoken and unwritten contingencies and rules (Greenspoon, 1955; Giddan & Eriksen, 1959; Krieckhaus & Eriksen, 1960). b. emotional intelligence. We cannot absorb all of it, or even most of it. means being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities. The fact that none of the animals have achieved language development comparable to a 3-year-old human. C. availability heuristic. An algorithm for determining use of trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy. Basketball, football, baseball, and soccer all fit into the _____ of sports. The voyage wasn't delayed because the bottle shattered. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs must be met first? He travels several days throughout the month and spends very little time with Cooper. After participants were presented with the words and questions, they were given an unexpected recall or recognition task. Chapter 7 - Quiz Questions Flashcards | Quizlet For example, you would use recall for an essay test. D. drop out of college. It also covers how psychologists compare this approach to other ways to solve problems. It involves recollection of visual imagery as well as the feeling of familiarity (Hassabis & Maguire, 2007). d. two, You're asked to come up with a new slogan for your school's Psychology Club. It is sometimes referred to as the "I-knew-it-all-along effect." which of the following is true about algorithms quizlet psychology. d. valid. b. insight. a. emotional intelligence. Question 2. The less likely that person will succeed in an academic setting. a. attachment; language When the solution to a problem suddenly comes to mind, it is called: People are reluctant to give up on a venture because of past investment. When packing her glassware to move into a new apartment, she runs out of protective styrofoam packing material. B. gifted. A test can fail in validity and still: then you must include on every physical page the following attribution: If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a digital format, Preparing for the dinner party in this way is an example of This information indicates the mode for converting data into useful information which is then used to solve the mathematical and/or computational problem. d. Psychiatrists. Which of the following are examples of algorithms? c. pragmatics. c. measure what it's supposed to measure. Jessica has been searching for a new apartment. b. learning concepts first helped students have better vocabularies. For example, if you live in Essex Junction, Vermont, you have probably had a lot of direct experience with snow. d. similar to, Which of the following images is the best example of a prototype for a fruit? c. Algorithmscan replace the source code in programs. For example, what comes to your mind when you think of a dog? J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. There are two types of long-term memory: explicit and implicit (Figure 8.6).

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