Sources: Manitoba Education www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/cur/parents/senior/math.html Reproduced with permission from Manitoba Education. Meanness, on the one hand, is a trait that is spurned by girls, yet, on the other hand, is associated with popularity (Currie and Kelly 2006). If they do not go to school, how do they learn many of the basic skills that are engrained in the early years of the school experience? A possible reason for this is that teachers may talk in staff meetings about students whom they perceive as problematic, which may influence future teachers interactions with those students. Racialized students and those who have had previous conduct problems within schools are much more likely to drop out of school. The Ontario Human Rights Commission launched a complaint against the Toronto District School Board, indicating that students with certain types of disabilities were being discriminated against. Warm and supportive teachers and a positive school climate are crucial for the positive social development of children, and the absence of such can have long-term detrimental effects on students, particularly if they have family problems. 52 Examples of a Social Experience John Spacey, June 09, 2022 Social experiences are interactions with other people. In conclusion, the agent of socialization refers to the various social institutions, groups, and individuals that shape an individual's social identity and behavior. Gender Socialization. Next: Structural and Social Inequalities in Schooling, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, Relationships broken at end of school year. A significant part of a teachers job is to evaluate students and, often, to decide if a student is best suited for a particular ability track. Teacher education suggests that tailoring into ability groups allows for teachers to best match the learning needs of students. Rather than committing acts of physical violence toward each other, girls are much more likely to participate in covert acts of aggression such as spreading rumours and excluding individuals from their social group. Abuse of students by teachers is a rare occurrence, but when it does happen there are children who are at a greater risk of being victimized.10 In terms of victims of verbal abuse by teachers, these children are more likely to be boys and to display at risk characteristics early on (i.e., from kindergarten), such as antisocial behaviours, and have attention problems (particularly boys). For example, the government funds public schools, which play a key role in children's socialization. This type of aggression is often simply referred to as meanness. Such embedded practices are lining up, doing homework, taking tests, and being evaluated. A teacher, for example, is largely in charge of the student, but the relationship that a child has with a teacher is far less intimate than the relationship a child shares with his or her parents; A student must also adapt to spending a significant amount of time in large groups; A child must learn to be independent to achieve the academic goals of school; A child must also learn to form bonds and develop social bonds with other children in school; and. As noted by Krahn and Taylor (2007), labour shortages in the area of skilled trades have also supported the arguments for streaming because such shortages point to a need for more vocational training opportunities in Canadian high schools, which of course are associated with the non-academic stream. What is the Value of a Liberal Arts Degree? Finally, the question of how home schooling affects the socialization of children was addressed. The same study of over 7000 American adults who had been home schooled also found a much greater rate of civic participation among the home schooled than in the general population. The core also consists of embedded practices, which are manners of behaving that are not explicit rules but routine practices within schools that appear to be very natural and taken for granted. Customer Service Environment Group Dynamics Institutions Looking For example, in 2007 British Columbia passed a law require all schools to have codes of conduct and a zero tolerance policy toward bullying. Other agents of socialization within the school were also discussed. More participatory models of school rule enforcement and creation do exist, however, such as in alternative schools (see Box 6.4). The Britney look consisted of tight jeans and midriff-baring tops, while the JLo look was characterized by figure-hugging velour track suits. As more schools are trying to instill healthy eating habits and becoming more environmentally conscious, many have adopted rules that prohibit the bringing of certain products to school. School provides a structured setting in which children can learn and develop social competencies, such as self-confidence, friendship, empathy, participation, respect, gratitude, compassion, and responsibility. Social and emotional learning is important for young people to become conscious members of a solidarity-based community. Of course, popularity is a factor in social identity. The main thrust of this argument is that teaching staff are disproportionately comprised of females who value certain behaviours (like passivity and obedience, which tend to be found more in girls) and subject matter (like reading, which does not appeal to males as much), and that to improve boys performance, more males must be brought into the profession (Skelton 2002; Titus 2004). Many researchers have called the reaction to perceived underachievement by boys a global moral panic (see, for example, Griffin 2000; Smith 2003; Weaver-Hightower 2003). What kinds of peer groups existed in your high school? What are some examples of streaming? One final agent of socialization is religion, discussed further in Furthermore, socialization can be divided into two types: primary socialization and secondary socialization. Personal histories of students are ignored and therefore students do not carry the stigma of past experiences with them in the school. Differentiate between the home schooled experience and outcomes of socialization with those who attend school. In February of 2011, news broke that a six-year-old boy in Laval, Quebec, had been excluded from a school teddy bear contest because he had a plastic sandwich bag in his lunch, which violated the school rules on environmentally friendly lunch containers.5 Many environmental initiatives have been adopted by schools across Canada. As noted earlier in this chapter, students with social and emotional disabilities are more likely to be punished under school disciplinary codes of conduct. Individuals of a similar age and social identity; in school, the peer group is typically a childs classmates in younger years and then becomes more specific to particular adolescent subgroups in the teenage years. The term zero tolerance first gained popularity in the area of law enforcement in the United States. Peer rejection refers to the failure of children to be socially accepted by their peers. The latter is oriented for someone who wishes to achieve university or post-secondary prerequisites (see Box 6.2 for some comparisons of applied and academic trajectories in Canada). Because each province in Canada handles its own curriculum, how streaming occurs in school varies greatly by jurisdiction. Below are the topics covered by both streams at grades 10, 11, & 12. The school is described as demo-cratic, as students have an active voice in their educational development. Table 6.1 highlights some major structural differences between the school and family setting. Students who are consistently placed in remedial classes may also start to view themselves as slow (Barakett and Cleghorn, 2008). The media, in particular, have been quick to endorse a position that suggests that the main problem can be found in the ongoing feminization of schooling. Schools can be protective factors in childrens socialization if the right conditions are met. The school setting now begins to take on some of the roles that previously only family members fulfilledbut in markedly different ways. Research in Quebec has similarly found that when parents were asked why they home schooled, very rarely did they give reasons associated with religious or political beliefs (Brabant, Bourdon, and Jutras 2003). This also has the effect of creating resentment and rule breaking among students, especially when they see the rules as pointless and arbitrary. (Ontario Ministry of Education 2004) and Me Read? 2007)depending on who is doing them. Davies and Aurini (2003) argue that Canadian parents who home schooled advocated for pedagogical individualismin other words, home schooling allowed them to cater to their childs individual learning styles and interestssomething that would not be possible in a classroom of 25 (or more) students. Students usually have little or no say in how these rules are developed and are therefore on unequal social footing in the sense that the rules are presented to them to be followed as a condition of their participation in education. Such reading materials functioned as a type of social or cultural capital within their groups of friends. In many provinces, courses in math, science, and English are divided into those that lead to post-secondary education options (e.g., university) and those that do not. The first zone is called the core. There are, however, a significant number of children, not only in Canada but in the United States and beyond, that do not attend school in the way that has been described here. What are Brints three zones of socialization? Their role in guiding the moral development of children, however, is often not simply limited to setting a good example. Secondary socialization happens throughout our lives, as we interact with The term became associated with school disciplinary procedures in 1994 when the Gun-Free Schools Act was passed in the United States, which required that students who possessed a firearm at school be expelled for no less than one year (Cerrone 1999). There is one teacher for a large group of children and the relationship with the teacher is less personal than a childparent relationship. What are the rationales given for dress codes and school uniforms? The goal of such acts is to damage others reputations and social standings within the peer group. Raby (2006) identifies several ways that youth express resistance to what they perceive as dominant forces of socialization. Students are active in decisions surrounding the administration of the school, content of learning, and social events. Other research has found that individuals belonging to the popular and jock crowds were more likely to engage in relational aggression (discussed below), while those in high-risk peer groups (the deviants) were more prone to greater physical and relational aggression in the future (Pokhrel et al. Characteristics of children that may be perceived to threaten classroom management may attract negative attention from teachers. Socialization that occurs within the family, where children first learn their own individual identity, acquire language, and develop cognitive skills. Victims also tend to experience irritability (Sharp 1995), anxiety (Olweus 1978; Salmon and James 1998; Sharp 1995; Slee 1994), and anger and self-pity (Borg 1998). Students who wish to attend university need to take a certain set of academic courses, for example. As well, bully victims are often targeted for being too smart (Fried 1997) or below average intelligence (Olweus 1978) and being of a lower socioeconomic background (Bernstein and Watson 1997). What group(s) were you in? Canadian studies of the outcomes associated with home schooling are much less plentiful than in the United States, where the home schooling movement has been growing rapidly. Such findings have resulted in mixed reactions. In an analysis of streaming processes by province, Krahn and Taylor (2007) examined how course selection limited the post-secondary education options available to students in selected provinces. Therefore, social features of the school can serve to reverse delinquent behaviours. They may be more socially mature and have better leadership skills than other children as well. Like the deviants (below) they had a higher likelihood of alcohol use and sexual behaviour. Peer-rejected children often display social skills that make them undesirable playmates and friends to other children. These behaviours, however, served only to reproduce their working-class membership. Indeed, this is a problem facing a great deal of Aboriginal youth in Canada. Social control: Social institutions help to maintain stability and order within society. As Krahn and Taylor (2007) argue, students from disadvantaged backgrounds may have the ability to succeed in advanced academic courses, but an assortment of other factors may be reducing their likelihood of taking these courses. The inner ring is characterized by explicit moral instruction. Recall from Chapter 2 that Boudon discussed how secondary effectslike the aforementioned characteristicscan impact on educational attainment because they influence the types of educational choices made by a student and his or her family. These goals (e.g., learning to share, participating in lessons, working in groups), when embraced, also serve to integrate the child into social groups at school. While the initial appeal of zero tolerance policies is that they theoretically apply the same punishment for rule infractions uniformly to everyone, the actual application of the policy does not appear to be so equitable. Social ties that students have among each other have been found to have effects on academic achievement (Broh 2002), such that positive social interactions in the school environment spill over into how well they do in their schoolwork. They found that Chinese boys were stereotyped as unmanly by White boys and that the White, middle-class definition of masculinity was realized through the rewarding of physically aggressive performances in PE class by these males and by their physical and verbal intimidation of the Chinese-Canadian males through the playing of football and dodgeball. The socialization of students through the use of school rules, including dress codes and uniforms, was also addressed. A dimension of socialization including the self-regulations of the body required of students to fit into the school environment, such as raising a hand or sitting still. Often such students have difficult home lives and such supports may be lacking in the home environment. In contrast, teachers who had high-quality relationships with their students also reported significantly fewer behavioural problems in their classrooms (Marzano et al. As discussed in Chapter 2, while policymakers have made recent attempts to mix the vocational and academic trajectories together in high school in order to make them more comparable, students expressed that, based upon the feedback they received from teachers, academic trajectories were preferred and that vocational paths were stigmatized (Taylor 2010). His teacher The Manitoba Ministry of Education describes Consumer Mathematics in the following way: The Consumer Mathematics curriculum emphasizes number sense, consumer problem solving, and decision making. Streaming not only serves to increase the efficiency of teaching and classroom management, but also results in social groupings of students that have significant social meaning within and outside of the school. As discussed above, the teacher becomes an important new figure of authority for young children when they first begin formal schooling. The school as a site of secondary socialization was presented, with the differences between the family (primary socialization) environment and the school environment being highlighted. The influence teachers exert over students in their delivery of curriculum has been addressed above and in the previous chapter. Many codes of conduct in Canadian schools specify attire that is deemed unacceptable for wearing to school. Charter schools (Chapter 4) can also be thought of as streaming children, but of instead of streaming them into ability groups, they are streamed into particular philosophical or religious orientations. Meanness also includes such behaviours as name-calling, ridicule, sarcasm, and giving other girls the silent treatment. Research on girls meanness has found that middle-class girls more frequently participate in this type of aggression because it is within this social class that the rules of femininity are the least flexible. Raby (2005) and Pomerantz (2007) also suggest that dress codes are more likely to be enforced on more physically developed females or those who belong to stigmatized subgroups (e.g., Goths). Because the school is such an important agent in the socialization of children, it can also have negative impacts on children who experience negative interactions with their teachers. Other agents of socialization are family, peers, religion, work, media, internet, and social media. Pomerantz (2008) studied the school identities of girls at a high school on Vancouvers east side. The findings suggest that at-risk children may be socialized into a cycle of negative interactions with teachers, which may not only contribute to their future delinquency but also reduce their academic performance. Medlin (2000) has noted that research on whether or not home schooled children experience adequate socialization is sparse and that which does exist often has hallmarks of poor research design and biased samples. Being bullied can also result in the victim becoming physically and/or mentally ill (Sharp 1995; Williams, Chambers, Logan, and Robinson 1996). The following are illustrative examples of socializing. Illustrate how peer groups contribute to the social identity of students. A major objective of socialization in the school setting is to make a child socially competent. Verbal abuse by the teacher (which consisted of verbal humiliation, name-calling, and yelling) was also found to negatively impact on students academic achievement. American research has found that the home schooled tend to succeed when they attend university (Ray 2004) and were more likely to have at least some college education compared to the general American population. Socialized Delinquency. What concerns do critics of home schooling have about the socialization of home schooled children? Major agents of socialization include the family and school, but also the media, peer groups, and other major social institutions such as religion and the legal system. Not only does a childs behaviour have to be modified from a set of learned family-appropriate behaviours, but the setting itself has many new structural features to which a child must become accustomed. These preferred styles reflect normative cultural values about what is valued cultural knowledge. Being the member of a peer group that engages in deviant or rebellious behaviour, for example, may increase the bond of students within those groups but also serve to reinforce related attitudes and behaviours that result in poor school performance. Victim characteristics also differ by gender, as male victims are often not tough (Shakeshaft and Barber 1995). Explain how relationships with teachers and the social climate of the school impact upon socialization. Asked about the inappropriateness of their behaviour, one student was quoted as saying, Theyre not setting a good example if theyre going to be doing that. Attempts to attract more males to the teaching profession have also been suggested as a solution to the boy problem. With school teachers being almost exclusively female, the feminization of schoolingargument suggests that schools are a place where male interests are not cultivated. Students develop valuable knowledge and skills that will allow them to make informed decisions as they become independent citizens. Relationships with teachers are also central in the process of socialization. Adapted from Dreeben, Robert, 1968, On What is Learned in School, Percheron Press, A Division of Eliot Werner Publications, Inc., Used with permission. Cooperating, taking turns, and practicing self-control are examples of social rules. 11. They tell us what to do, almost like whats right and whats wrong. Tom Lee. In other words, they felt that they were more likely to receive disciplinary action for a rule infraction than White students. 4. Cohens examples of moral panics surrounded various youth cultures, particularly the Mods and Rockers of the early 1960s, and how the media portrayed them as a threat to established law and social order. Pomerantz (2007) argues that dress codes work to contain young womens sexuality (p. 383) through the reproduction of a specific type of femininityone that is White, middle-class, and heterosexual. What kinds of resources are available on their websites? What kinds of topics do they discuss on their websites? Proponents of streaming argue that putting students in classes with others who have similar abilities creates a better learning environment. (2007), many social identity groups among peers are still strongly associated with socioeconomic background (i.e., the popular kids and jocks often come from the higher social classes, while the deviants come from the lower social classes). Researchers have determined that bully victims are weak in temperament (Hodges and Perry 1999; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), lack physical strength (Bernstein and Watson 1997; Hodges and Perry 1999; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), and are somehow different in terms of looks (including race), dress, or physical ability (Bernstein and Watson 1997; Fried 1997). Streaming not only influences the course choices of students, but also contributes to the overall socialization of children and adolescents in schools. Codes of conduct are of particular interest because they have been created under the auspices of improving school safety. What problems are being identified? Critics such as Greig (2003) argue that single-sex settings reinforce traditional gender roles and stereotypes that encourage teachers to treat boys and girls differently. Fraternities and sororities are elite student clubs at North Alberta Education. Sokal (2010) found no evidence that computer-assisted literacy programs had any influence on Canadian males from low socioeconomic backgrounds who struggled with reading. In this chapter, however, the main focus is on how schools contribute to the socialization of children. Individual subjects in school also have a tendency to be sex-stereotyped. The skills that allow an individual to function within society; in the school setting, it is achieved when students embrace and achieve socially sanctioned goals. 9. (2010) found that in Grade 9 streaming practices in Ontario, Black African and Caribbean students were disproportionately found in the lower streams. Explicit moral instruction occurs in the elementary grades, when children are socialized to aspire to virtues such as kindness, generosity, courage, and hard work. Teachers, however, shape the socialization of students by other processes as well, which are discussed below. The topics that children learn about and how they are presented are just one way that school acts as a socializing agent. Lamb, Bigler, Riben, and Green (2009) have also found that if teachers teach children to confront and challenge sexist stereotypes, the results can decrease gender stereotyping behaviour, particularly in girls. The staff keep track of who is earning the bears, and perhaps more importantly, who is not.

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